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260722|260722|57177|1|skipped|1|4|||0||403||260722|https://www.medievalists.net/2010/03/the-military-orders-established-in-portugal-in-the-middle-ages-a-historiographical-overview/The%20aim%20of%20this%20study%20is%20to%20single%20out%20the%20latest%20directions%20taken%20by%20the%20historiography%20of%20the%20Religious%20and%20Military%20Orders%20established%20in%20Portugal%20in%20the%20Middle%20Ages%20and%20to%20discuss%20the%20current%20state%20of%20research%20into%20them.%20We%20shall%20also%20examine%20the%20main%20tendencies%20characterised%20by%20such%20research%20and%20the%20way%20it%20has%20been%20formally%20organized,%20drawing%20attention%20to%20how%20it%20fits%20in%20with%20other%20historical%20topics.%20The%20theme%20follows%20the%20overall%20trends%20of%20Portuguese%20medievalism,%20which%20is%20opening%20up%20to%20new%20topics%20given%20the%20expansion%20of%20the%20chronologies%20covered,%20the%20increasing%20number%20of%20historians%20and%20the%20university%20setting%20for%20such%20coverage%20(Homem,%202001).%20In%20this%20context,%20research%20into%20the%20Military%20Orders%20is%20expressed%20in%20academic%20work%20related%20to%20a%20university%20career,%20and%20also%20involves%20the%20dynamics%20of%20institutionally%20structured%20working%20groups.1%20%20The%20historical%20course%20of%20the%20Military%20Orders%20in%20Portugal%20has%20influenced%20the%20documentary%20output%20that%20supports%20research%20into%20the%20topic,%20and%20also%20the%20actual%20organization%20of%20the%20archives%20and%20their%20use.%20In%20this%20regard,%20we%20should%20first%20describe%20the%20orders,%20showing%20how%20they%20originated%20and%20where%20they%20became%20implanted,%20as%20well%20as%20their%20relationship%20with%20the%20monarchy.%20These%20institutions,%20apart%20from%20the%20Order%20of%20Christ,%20first%20came%20into%20being%20beyond%20the%20frontiers%20of%20Portugal,%20and%20this%20is%20reflected%20in%20the%20recognition%20of%20their%20canon%20law%20and%20the%20management%20of%20their%20estates.%20The%20Orders%20became%20established%20in%20Portugal%20with%20the%20acquiescence%20of%20the%20county%20of%20Portucalense,%20represented%20either%20by%20Dom%20Henrique%20and%20Dona%20Teresa%20or%20by%20their%20son,%20Dom%20Afonso%20Henriques.%20There%20were%20several%20reasons%20favoring%20the%20support%20of%20this%20new%20monachism,%20emerging%20from%20the%20disputes%20between%20religious%20and%20civil%20powers%20and%20affiliated%20with%20the%20reform%20of%20the%20Church%20in%20the%2011th%20century.%20In%20fact,%20Dom%20Henrique%E2%80%99s%20French%20origins,%20his%20empathy%20with%20the%20Crusade%20project%20and%20his%20close%20relations%20with%20Diogo%20Gelmires,%20archbishop%20of%20Compostela,%20in%20addition%20to%20the%20spread%20of%20Cistercianism%20and%20the%20restoration%20of%20certain%20lines%20of%20Saint%20Augustine%E2%80%99s%20thought,%20are%20essential%20points%20in%20this%20analysis.%20All%20these%20factors,%20plus%20the%20circumstances%20prevailing%20in%20the%20Portuguese%20territory%20in%20the%2012th%20century,%20helped%20to%20pave%20the%20way%20for%20the%20definition%20of%20a%20geographical%20area%20for%20the%20implantation%20of%20these%20institutions,%20which%20had%20fairly%20distinct%20schemes%20of%20operation.%20The%20Hospitallers%20first%20appeared%20in%20the%20northern%20part%20of%20the%20kingdom,%20around%20Le%C3%A7a%20do%20Balio,%20and%20were%20established%20throughout%20the%20North,%20attending%20to%20the%20needs%20of%20pilgrims%20on%20their%20way%20to%20Santiago%20de%20Compostela.%20Towards%20the%20end%20of%20the%2012th%20century,%20they%20spread%20into%20the%20southern%20interior%20regions%20(Beira%20Baixa%20and%20Alto%20Alentejo),%20where%20their%20focal%20point%20was%20Crato/Flor%20da%20Rosa.%20The%20Templars,%20perhaps%20because%20of%20their%20early%20installation%20in%20Portugal,%20had%20a%20spatial%20distribution%20similar%20in%20many%20frontier%20points%20to%20that%20of%20the%20Hospitallers,%20notably%20along%20the%20whole%20stretch%20of%20the%20Tagus%20valley,%20and%20were%20based%20in%20Tomar.%20Underlying%20this%20geographical%20definition%20was%20a%20military%20program,%20with%20a%20high%20degree%20of%20commitment%20on%20the%20part%20of%20the%20knights,%20which%20responded%20to%20the%20interests%20of%20the%20monarchy,%20ensuring%20the%20successful%20defense%20of%20the%20central%20region.%20The%20difficulties%20inherent%20in%20the%20southward%20advance%20of%20the%20reconquest%20go%20a%20long%20way%20toward%20explaining%20the%20integration%20of%20the%20Orders%20of%20Santiago%20and%20Avis%20into%20the%20kingdom%20in%20the%20mid%201170s.%20The%20former%20was%20entrusted%20with%20the%20defense%20of%20the%20Sado%20valley,%20Baixo%20Alentejo%20and%20Algarve,%20and%20the%20latter%20was%20to%20protect%20most%20of%20the%20Alto%20Alentejo%20from%20the%20town%20of%20%C3%89vora.%20Finally,%20the%20Order%20of%20Christ,%20founded%20in%201319,%20was%20fully%20identified%20with%20the%20monarchy%20from%20the%20outset.%20Generally%20speaking,%20this%20was%20to%20be%20the%20defining%20direction%20for%20the%20behavior%20of%20these%20institutions%20in%20the%20late%20Middle%20Ages,%20inasmuch%20as%20their%20presence%20in%20the%20kingdom%20was%20solid,%20linked%20to%20the%20affirmation%20of%20the%20border,%20in%20its%20religious%20and%20territorial%20dimension,%20and%20to%20the%20external%20projection%20of%20Portugal%E2%80%99s%20sovereignty,%20specifically%20at%20the%20maritime%20level.